Most people associate unpleasant smells with dirt, poor hygiene, or lack of cleaning. Yet many everyday products develop persistent odours despite being regularly washed, wiped, or disinfected. Clothing that smells as soon as it’s worn. Shoes that retain odour no matter how often they’re cleaned. Plastic products that develop a musty or sour smell over time. Car interiors, gym equipment, reusable packaging, and household items that seem “clean” but never quite smell fresh.

Healthcare environments present unique challenges in maintaining hygiene and inhibiting microbial contamination. High-touch surfaces, including flooring, wall panelling, and medical products, can harbour unwanted microbes. These surfaces can act as reservoirs for microbial contaminants, with studies indicating that bacterial and viral pathogens can survive on inanimate objects for extended periods, sometimes even months, if not adequately addressed.

For decades, material innovation has been defined by the pursuit of the “next big breakthrough”, the elusive substance that would rewrite the rules of performance, sustainability, and design. The twentieth century gave us steel that built cities, plastics that reshaped consumer culture, and composites that transformed aviation.